Background: A global problem of multi-drug resistance (MDR) among bacteria is the cause
of hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. In response to the significant increase of …

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most important human-and animal
health-threatening issues worldwide. Bacterial capability to face antimicrobial compounds is …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Quinolone antimicrobials are synthetic and widely used in clinical medicine. Resistance
emerged with clinical use and became common in some bacterial pathogens. Mechanisms …

Quinolone antimicrobials are widely used in clinical medicine and are the only current class
of agents that directly inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis. Quinolones dually target DNA gyrase …

Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in
bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps …

Efflux pump genes and proteins are present in both antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-
resistant bacteria. Pumps may be specific for one substrate or may transport a range of …

Antibiotic resistance continues to plague antimicrobial chemotherapy of infectious disease.
And while true biocide resistance is as yet unrealized, in vitro and in vivo episodes of …

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are recognized as the most common
causative agents of bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. Humans most often become …

Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne bacterial pathogen that is common in the developed
world. However, we know less about its biology and pathogenicity than we do about other …