Lactate is the main product generated at the end of anaerobic glycolysis or during the
Warburg effect and its role as an active signalling molecule is increasingly recognised …

Lactate significantly impacts immune cell function in sepsis and septic shock, transcending
its traditional view as just a metabolic byproduct. This review summarizes the role of lactate …

Clinical studies report that viral infections promote acute or chronic bacterial infections at
multiple host sites. These viral-bacterial co-infections are widely linked to more severe …

Purpose The inappropriate use of antimicrobials, especially in acute respiratory infections
(ARIs), is largely driven by difficulty distinguishing bacterial, viral, and noninfectious …

Background Markers of lung inflammation measured directly in expectorated sputum have
the potential of improving the timing of antibiotic treatment in cystic fibrosis (CF). L-Lactate …

Aim. There is need of an objective “standard procedure” that is reliable and clinically
applicable for estimating oral neutrophil content in relation to oral diseases. Methods. Forty …

The aim of this study was to assess L‐lactate and D‐lactate in endotracheal aspirate from
intubated patients hospitalized at the intensive care unit and explore their use as diagnostic …

Increasing evidence shows that viral infections predispose the host to the acquisition of
acute or chronic bacterial infections. Viral-bacterial co-infections are often linked to more …

Background Phenotyping sputum-resident leukocytes and evaluating their functional status
are essential analyses for exploring the cellular basis of pathological processes in the lungs …