There are three major subfamilies of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK): the
extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK MAPK); the c-jun N-terminal kinase or stress …

Current cancer therapies are highly toxic and often nonspecific. A potentially less toxic
approach to treating this prevalent disease employs agents that modify cancer cell …

The vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) is an important determinant of intestinal
immunity. RA primes dendritic cells (DCs) to express CD103 and produce RA themselves …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) play an important role in tumor escape by
suppressing T-cell responses. MDSC represent a group of cells of myeloid lineage at …

The SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused a worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. In less than a year
and a half, more than 200 million people have been infected and more than four million …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway regulates growth and survival of
many cell types, and its constitutive activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a …

Determinants of differentiation and apoptosis in myelomonocytic leukemia cells (U937)
exposed to the novel hybrid polar compound SAHA (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) have …

Retinoic acid (RA) modulates transcription of numerous target genes, thereby regulating a
myriad of biological processes. It is well established that RA functions by activating retinoic …

Chaperones/heat shock proteins (HSPs) of the HSP90 and HSP70 families show elevated
levels in proliferating mammalian cells and a cell cycle‐dependent expression. They …

Cadmium (Cd), a human carcinogen, can induce apoptosis in various cell types. Three
major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and …