Bipolar disorders are a complex group of severe and chronic disorders that includes bipolar
I disorder, defined by the presence of a syndromal, manic episode, and bipolar II disorder …

Abstract Treatment outcomes for major depressive disorder (MDD) need to be improved.
Presently, no clinically relevant tools have been established for stratifying subgroups or …

Ketamine produces immediate antidepressant effects and has inspired research into next-
generation treatments. Ketamine also has short term dissociative effects, in which …

This brief review article makes the argument that glutamate is deserving of its newfound
attention within the neuroscience literature and that many directions of important research …

There are no specific structural neuropathological hallmarks found in the brain of mood
disorders. Instead, there are molecular, functional and structural alterations reported in many …

Efforts to develop efficacious antidepressant agents with novel mechanisms have been
largely unsuccessful since the 1950's until the discovery of ketamine, an N-methyl-d …

In the mammalian brain, glutamate is regarded to be the primary excitatory neurotransmitter
due to its widespread distribution and wide range of metabolic functions. Glutamate plays …

For decades, symptoms of depression have been treated primarily with medications that
directly target the monoaminergic brain systems, which typically take weeks to exert …

A single, subanesthetic dose of (R, S)-ketamine (ketamine) exerts rapid and robust
antidepressant effects. Several groups previously reported that (2S, 6S; 2R, 6R) …

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, use
requirements, and place in therapy of esketamine for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) …