Plants have been interacting with insects for several hundred million years, leading to
complex defense approaches against various insect feeding strategies. Some defenses are …

Nectar contains water, sugars and amino acids to attract pollinators and defenders and is
protected from nectar robbers and microorganisms by secondary compounds and …

Many plants interact with carnivores as an indirect defence against herbivores. The release
of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN) are …

Plants respond to herbivore attack with the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
which can attract predatory arthropods and/or repel herbivores and thus serve as a means of …

▪ Abstract Protective ant-plant interactions, important in both temperate and tropical
communities, are increasingly used to study a wide range of phenomena of general interest …

Feeding on Non-Prey Resources by Natural Enemies Moshe Coll Reports on the
consumption of non-prey food sources, particularly plant materials, by predators and …

Fitness costs can explain the evolution and maintenance of induced resistance in plants.
However, the methods currently used to gather evidence for such costs do not allow …

Indirect responses are defensive strategies by which plants attract natural enemies of their
herbivores that act as plant defending agents. Such defences can be either constitutively …

Plants secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN) as an induced defense against herbivores. EFN
contains not only carbohydrates and amino acids but also pathogenesis-related proteins …

In recent years, induced plant defenses have received widespread attention from biologists
in a variety of disciplines. The mechanisms underlying these defenses and the interactions …