Most neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the intracellular or extracellular
aggregation of misfolded proteins such as amyloid-β and tau in Alzheimer disease, α …

Intracellular α-synuclein (α-syn)-rich protein aggregates called Lewy pathology (LP) and
neuronal death are commonly found in the brains of patients with clinical Parkinson disease …

The cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are caused by the death of
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN c). Alpha‐synuclein …

Functional neural competence and integrity require interactive exchanges among sensory
and motor neurons, interneurons and glial cells. Recent studies have attributed some of the …

Abstract Calcium (Ca 2+) is an universal second messenger that regulates the most
important activities of all eukaryotic cells. It is of critical importance to neurons as it …

INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative
disorder and leads to slowness of movement, tremor, rigidity, and, in the later stages of PD …

Recent researches regarding to exosomal involvement in alpha-synuclein (α-syn)
transmission relating to the pathological process of Parkinson's disease (PD) have attracted …

Parkinson's disease belongs to a group of currently incurable neurodegenerative disorders
characterized by the misfolding and accumulation of alpha‐synuclein aggregates that are …

Since the beginning of the last decade, exosomes have been of increased interest in the
science community. Exosomes represent a new kind of long distance transfer of biological …

Growing evidence indicates that small extracellular vesicles, called exosomes, are
prominent mediators of neurodegenerative diseases such as prion, Alzheimer's and …