Background The food industry today is returning to natural foods after emphasizing the
processed products due to the higher consumer demand for foods which are well …

Highlights•Bees' specific nutritional requirements are partitioned between pollen and
nectar.•Nectar and pollen provide carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and micronutrients.•Bee …

In recent years, an intense debate about the environmental risks posed by neonicotinoids, a
group of widely used, neurotoxic insecticides, has been joined. When these systemic …

There is considerable and ongoing debate as to the harm inflicted on bees by exposure to
agricultural pesticides. In part, the lack of consensus reflects a shortage of information on …

Very rapidly after Varroa destructor invaded apiaries of Apis mellifera, the devastating effect
of this mite prompted an active research effort to understand and control this parasite. Over a …

Propolis is one of the most fascinating honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) products. It is a plant
derived product that bees produce from resins that they collect from different plant organs …

The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor is the most significant pathological threat to the
western honey bee, Apis mellifera, leading to the death of most colonies if left untreated. An …

Methods are described for working with Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in the field and
in the laboratory. For fieldwork, different sampling methods are described to determine …

Queen health is crucial to colony survival of social bees. Recently, queen failure has been
proposed to be a major driver of managed honey bee colony losses, yet few data exist …

Here, we cover a wide range of methods currently in use and recommended in modern
queen rearing, selection, and breeding. The recommendations are meant to serve as …