Abstract The international American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International
Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system provides the …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting CTLA-4 and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis have shown
unprecedented clinical activity in several types of cancer and are rapidly transforming the …

The metastatic spread of malignant cells to distant anatomical locations is a prominent
cause of cancer-related death. Metastasis is governed by cancer-cell-intrinsic mechanisms …

Inhibition of immune regulatory checkpoints, such as CTLA-4 and the PD-1-PD-L1 axis, is at
the forefront of immunotherapy for cancers of various histological types. However, such …

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase 2 (TDO2) catalyze
the commitment step of the kynurenine (KYN) metabolic pathway. Traditionally the …

It was reported that PD-L1 expression was correlated with genetic alterations. Whether PD-
L1 was regulated by mutant Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) in non …

Summary Background Anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies (mAbs) are approved
immunotherapy agents to treat metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Only …

Advances in cancer immunotherapy have offered new hope for patients with metastatic
disease. This unfolding success story has been exemplified by a growing arsenal of novel …

Background Ipilimumab is a licensed immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma patients and,
in the US, as adjuvant treatment for high risk melanoma radically resected. The use of …

Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that the success of several
anticancer agents—including some conventional chemotherapeutics, targeted anticancer …