Sex hormones have been implicated in neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, dendritic
branching, myelination and other important mechanisms of neural plasticity. Here we review …

Premenstrual disorders include premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
and premenstrual worsening of another medical condition. While the underlying causes of …

The menstrual cycle has attracted research interest ever since the 1930s. For many
researchers the menstrual cycle is an excellent model of ovarian steroid influence on …

Recently designated as a disorder in the DSM-5, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
presents an array of avenues for further research. PMDD's profile, characterized by cognitive …

Ovarian hormones are pivotal for the physiological maintenance of the brain function as well
as its response to environmental stimuli. There is mounting evidence attesting the relevance …

Fluctuations in progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) across the menstrual cycle can exert
direct effects on biological systems implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders and represent a …

Background: Hormonal contraceptive drugs are being used by adult and adolescent women
all over the world. Convergent evidence from animal research indicates that contraceptive …

The inclusion of sex as a biological variable in research is absolutely essential for improving
our understanding of disease mechanisms contributing to risk and resilience. Studies …

Background Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin involved in
neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system, especially in the …

Recently, the term premenstrual disorders (PMDs), which includes premenstrual syndrome
and premenstrual dysphoric disorder as a continuum, has been proposed. Although the …