The informal economy consists of economic activities that occur outside of formal
institutional boundaries but which remain within informal institutional boundaries for large …

The main goal of this study is two-fold:(1) to provide ageneral overview of the contributions
to the literature on theinformal sector, with a special focus on the public choiceapproach; …

This paper delves into the multifaceted concept of sustainability, covering its evolution, laws,
principles, as well as the different domains and challenges related to achieving it in the …

This paper explores the institutional factors that encourage opportunity entrepreneurship in
order to achieve higher rates of economic growth. We suggest that institutions may not have …

We conduct face-to-face interviews with bank chief executive officers to classify 397 banks
across 21 countries as relationship or transaction lenders. We then use the geographic …

This paper examines the role of affiliation with the ruling Communist Party in the operation of
private enterprises in China. Using a nationwide survey of private firms, we find that the …

Illicit work, social security fraud, economic crime and other shadow economy activities are
fast becoming an international problem. This second edition uses new data to reassess …

This paper uses a unique data set on corruption containing quantitative information on bribe
payments of Ugandan firms. The data have two striking features: not all firms report that they …

We propose entertainment and travel costs (ETC) expenditures as a measure of corruption
in Chinese firms. These expenses are publicly reported in firms' accounting books, and on …

We study how cultural norms and enforcement policies influence illicit corporate activities.
Using confidential Internal Revenue Service (IRS) audit data, we show that corporations with …