Our understanding of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is rapidly expanding beyond T cell-
centric perspectives to include B cells and plasma cells, collectively referred to as TIL-Bs. In …

The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-
stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) …

Although therapeutic B cell depletion dramatically resolves inflammation in many diseases
in which antibodies appear not to play a central role, distinct extrafollicular pathogenic B cell …

Human B cells can be divided into four main subsets based on differential expression of
immunoglobulin (Ig) D and CD27. IgD− CD27− double negative (DN) B cells make up a …

Most mature B cells can be divided into four subtypes based on the expression of the
surface markers IgD and CD27: IgD+ CD27− naïve B cells, IgD+ CD27+ unswitched memory …

Memory B cells are comprised of unswitched (CD27+ IgD+) and switched (CD27+ IgD-)
subsets. The origin and function of unswitched human memory B cells are debated in the …

SARS-CoV-2 causes the complex and heterogeneous illness known as COVID-19. The
disease primarily affects the respiratory system but can quickly become systemic, harming …

Background Infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
can lead to post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) that can persist for weeks to years …

Background Following SARS-CoV-2 infection a significant proportion of convalescent
individuals develop the post-COVID condition (PCC) that is characterized by wide spectrum …

Our understanding of immune cells has been mainly due to our ability to identify them by
flow cytometric methods. Improvements in existing flow cytometers, invention of spectral and …