Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) carries a wealth of value-related information
necessary for regulating behavioral flexibility and persistence. It signals error and reward …

The supplementary motor complex consists of the supplementary motor area, the
supplementary eye field and the pre-supplementary motor area. In recent years, these areas …

We propose a Survival Optimization System (SOS) to account for the strategies that humans
and other animals use to defend against recurring and novel threats. The SOS attempts to …

A model of the neuropsychology of anxiety is proposed. The model is based in the first
instance upon an analysis of the behavioural effects of the antianxiety drugs …

The prefrontal cortex makes up almost a quarter of the human brain, and it expanded
dramatically during primate evolution. The Neurobiology of the Prefrontal Cortex presents a …

Understanding how self-initiated behavior is encoded by neuronal circuits in the human
brain remains elusive. We recorded the activity of 1019 neurons while twelve subjects …

The clinical signs grouped under the concept of apathy are a common feature of prefrontal
and basal ganglia lesions or dysfunctions and can therefore help to improve our …

Highlights•There are multiple signals in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).•ACC activity reflects
value of behavioural change even after controlling for difficulty.•ACC activity reflects …

Activations in human dorsomedial frontal and cingulate cortices are often present in
neuroimaging studies of decision making and action selection. Interpretations have …

The possible relation between stuttering and the basal ganglia is discussed. Important clues
to the pathophysiology of stuttering are given by conditions known to alleviate dysfluency …