Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex, multi-system neurodegenerative disorder. The
second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, it affects …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is widely used for the treatment of movement disorders
including Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia and, to a lesser extent, certain …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), applying high-frequency electrical stimulation to deep brain
structures, has now provided an effective therapeutic option for treatment of various …

The external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia has been underappreciated owing
to poor understanding of its cells and circuits. It was assumed that the GPe consisted of a …

The basal ganglia are a series of interconnected subcortical nuclei. The function and
dysfunction of these nuclei have been studied intensively in motor control, but more recently …

Views of the anatomy and function of the basal ganglia and their role in motor and nonmotor
disorders have undergone major revisions during the past decades. The basal ganglia are …

A role for the cerebellum in causing ataxia, a disorder characterized by uncoordinated
movement, is widely accepted. Recent work has suggested that alterations in activity …

The graceful, purposeful motion of our body is an engineering feat that remains unparalleled
in robotic devices using advanced artificial intelligence. Much of the information required for …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established medical therapy for the treatment of
movement disorders and shows great promise for several other neurological disorders …

In patients with Parkinson's disease and in animal models of this disorder, neurons in the
basal ganglia and related regions in thalamus and cortex show changes that can be …