Background Ureteral colic is a common reason for patients to seek medical care. Alpha‐
blockers are commonly used to improve stone passage through so‐called medical expulsive …

Background Biocompatible peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions, including neutral pH, low
glucose degradation product (GDP) solutions and icodextrin, have previously been shown to …

Background Prolonging kidney transplant survival is an important clinical priority. Induction
immunosuppression with antibody therapy is recommended at transplantation and non …

Background Modern immunosuppressive regimens after kidney transplantation usually use
a combination of two or three agents of different classes to prevent rejection and maintain …

Background Vancomycin and teicoplanin are commonly used to treat gram‐positive
infections, particularly those caused by methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) …

Background Cranberries (particularly in the form of cranberry juice) have been used widely
for several decades for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The …

Background This is an updated version of a Cochrane Review first published in 2014.
Phimosis is a condition in which the prepuce (foreskin) cannot be fully retracted past the …

Background Pancreas or kidney‐pancreas transplantation improves survival and quality of
life for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus and kidney failure. Immunosuppression after …

Background Adherence to complex regimens for patients with diabetic kidney disease
(DKD) is often poor. Interventions to enhance adherence require intensive education and …

Background Organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of infection as a result of
immunosuppression caused inadvertently by medical treatment. Tuberculosis (TB) is a …