Reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent a group of high reactive molecules with dualistic
natures since they can induce cytotoxicity or regulate cellular physiology. Among the ROS …

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that
generate superoxide or hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an …

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute and diffuse inflammatory lung injury
in a short time, one of the common severe manifestations of the respiratory system that …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an irreversible and fatal lung disease that is primarily
found in the elderly population, and several studies have demonstrated that aging is the …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by ectopic fat accumulation in
hepatocytes, is closely linked to insulin resistance and is the most frequent complication of …

Alveolar macrophages are the first line of defence against detrimental inhaled stimuli. To
date, no comparative data have been obtained on the inflammatory response induced by …

Oxidative stress and inflammation are major drivers in the pathogenesis and progression of
pulmonary fibrosis (PF). The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) secretome has regenerative …

Phyllosilicate clay mineral, despite being a high-performance and low-cost lubricant
additive, faces the problems of possible biotoxicity and inconsistent mechanisms. Halloysite …

Two main types of macrophages (Mφ) include inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2)
macrophages. These cells can be obtained in vitro by polarization of monocytic cell lines …

Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease characterized by macrophage activation.
Asbestos-induced expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen …