Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative and chronic joint disease characterized by clinical
symptoms and distortion of joint tissues. It primarily damages joint cartilage, causing pain …

Since the identification in 1988 of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) as a potent inducer
of bone and cartilage formation, BMP superfamily signalling has become one of the most …

Articular hyaline cartilage is extensively hydrated, but it is neither innervated nor
vascularized, and its low cell density allows only extremely limited self-renewal. Most clinical …

The skeleton is an exquisitely sensitive and archetypal T3-target tissue that demonstrates
the critical role for thyroid hormones during development, linear growth, and adult bone …

The primary function of the thyroid gland is to metabolize iodide by synthesizing thyroid
hormones, which are critical regulators of growth, development and metabolism in almost all …

With the continuous improvement of human technology, the medical field has gradually
moved from molecular therapy to cellular therapy. As a safe and effective therapeutic tool …

Chondrocytes and osteoblasts differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) will
provide insights into skeletal development and genetic skeletal disorders and will generate …

Mouse skin mesenchymal stem cells (msMSCs) are dermis CD105+ CD90+ CD73+ CD29+
CD34− mesodermal precursors which, after in vitro induction, undergo chondro, adipo, and …

For a long time, cartilage has been a major focus of the whole field of tissue engineering,
both because of the constantly growing need for more effective options for joint repair and …

The replacement of articular cartilage through transplantation of chondrogenic cells or
preformed cartilage tissue represents a potential new avenue for the treatment of …