Interactions between the host and viruses during the course of their co-evolution have not
only shaped cellular function and the immune system, but also the counter measures …

Retroviruses have an intricate life cycle. There is much to be learned from studying retrovirus-
host interactions. Among retroviruses, the primate lentiviruses have one of the more complex …

The E3 ubiquitin ligase human murine double minute (HDM2) is overexpressed in 40%–
80% of late-stage metastatic cancers in the absence of gene amplification. Hdm2 regulates …

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) ensures regulation of the protein pool in the cell by
ubiquitination of proteins followed by their degradation by the proteasome. It plays a central …

Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) proteins are a
diverse and evolutionarily conserved family of cytidine deaminases that provide a variety of …

Viral infectivity factor, an accessory protein encoded in the HIV-1 genome, induces G2 cell
cycle arrest; however, the biological significance and mechanism (s) remain totally unclear …

Many proteins and protein regions are disordered in their native, biologically active states.
These proteins/regions are abundant in different organisms and carry out important …

Objective: Autophagy, an important antiviral process triggered during HIV-1 entry by gp41-
dependent membrane fusion, is repressed in infected CD4+ T cells by an unknown …

Proteasomal degradation pathways play a central role in regulating a variety of protein
functions by controlling not only their turnover but also the physiological behavior of the cell …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) relies heavily on the host cellular machinery for
production of viral progeny. To exploit cellular proteins for replication and to overcome host …