Effort and the perception of effort (PE) have been extensively studied across disciplines,
resulting in multiple definitions. These inconsistencies block scientific progress by impeding …

How the brain determines the vigor of goal-directed movements is a fundamental question in
neuroscience. Recent evidence has suggested that vigor results from a trade-off between a …

Movement slowness is a common and disruptive symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS). A
potential cause is that individuals with MS slow down to conserve energy as a behavioral …

On any given day, we make countless reaching movements to objects around us. While
such ubiquity may suggest uniformity, each movement's speed is unique—why is this …

How the brain decides when to invest effort is a central question in neuroscience. When
asked to walk a mile to a destination, would you choose a path with a hill at the beginning or …

When learning new movements some people make larger kinematic errors than others,
interpreted as a reduction in motor-learning ability. Consider a learning task where error …

Many decisions that humans make are enacted by the action system. For example, humans
use reach-to-grasp movements when making perceptuomotor decisions between and …

Decision-making is fundamental and is often perceptuomotor in nature. For example, one
performs reach-to-grasp movements to donuts judged to be of high quality based on …

Close scrutinization of the movements humans execute reveals substantial information
regarding the status of the underlying controller–that is, the central nervous system (CNS) …