It is a challenge to find the optimal amount of water steam to be added to the fuel in a biogas-
fueled solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). An under-optimal steam fraction impedes steam …

In recent years, interest in artificial intelligence and the integration of Industry 4.0
technologies to improve and monitor steel production conditions has increased. Every day …

The main way to produce cast iron is in the blast furnace. In the production of hot metal, the
control of silicon is important. Alumina and silica react chemically with limestone and …

Synthetic natural gas (SNG) can be obtained by methanation. Many thermodynamic reaction
details involved in this process are not yet fully known. In this chapter, a comprehensive …

The automotive industry is one of the largest industrial segments in the world market. The
exhaust system of motor vehicles is responsible for the emission and treatment of toxic …

Clinker is the raw material used in the manufacture of cement. However, this material is very
harmful to the environment, since it is estimated that for every ton of clinker produced, about …

Blast furnaces are chemical metallurgical reactors for the production of pig iron and slag.
The raw materials used (metallic feedstock) are sinter, granulated ore and pellets. The main …

Open cathode proton exchange membrane fuel cells (OC-PEMFC) are devices that produce
electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gas …

In recent years, interest in artificial intelligence and the integration of Industry 4.0
technologies to improve and monitor steel production conditions has increased. In the …

In the future, proton exchange membrane fuel cells system (PEMFCs) hold promises for
clean energy. However, there is a problem that causes the degradation in PEMFC system …