Major differences in facial morphology distinguish vertebrate species. Variation of facial
traits underlies the uniqueness of human individuals, and abnormal craniofacial …

Variations in the form of the human face, which plays a role in our individual identities and
societal interactions, have fascinated scientists and artists alike. Here, we review our current …

Abstract Introduction Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are common craniofacial birth defects with
heterogeneous phenotype and etiology. Geneticists have applied nearly every available …

The rapid improvements in identifying the genetic factors contributing to facial morphology
have enabled the early identification of craniofacial syndromes. Similarly, this technology …

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified thousands of genetic variants linked to
phenotypic traits and disease risk. However, mechanistic understanding of how GWAS …

Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts belong to a class of congenital malformations characterized
by a complex and multifactorial etiology. During early facial development, multiple factors …

Non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) is one of the most common birth defects in
humans with an overall prevalence of∼ 1 in 700 live births around the world. The etiology of …

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is associated with changes to offspring DNA methylation
and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Prior studies have utilised candidate gene or …

Oral clefts, including cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip and palate (CLP), are the
most common types of congenital anomalies of the human face. Various genetic and …

Robinow syndrome (RS) is a rare skeletal disorder caused by variants in seven genes in the
Wingless-related Int-1 (WNT) signalling pathway. RS is primarily characterized by short …