Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by a low glomerular filtration rate or high
albuminuria, and affects 15–20% of adults globally. CKD increases the risk of various …

The concept of cell death has been expanded beyond apoptosis and necrosis to additional
forms, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. These cell death …

Medial arterial calcification (MAC) is a chronic systemic vascular disorder distinct from
atherosclerosis that is frequently but not always associated with diabetes mellitus, chronic …

Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification,
depending on the site (s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular …

Aging is the main risk factor for vascular disease and ensuing cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular events, the leading causes of death worldwide. In a progressively aging …

Cellular senescence entails essentially irreversible replicative arrest, apoptosis resistance,
and frequently acquisition of a pro-inflammatory, tissue-destructive senescence-associated …

The continuing increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the general population is
predicted to result in a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease. Although the …

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major metabolic disorder currently affecting over
350 million people worldwide. Also, another one billion people in the world are pre-diabetic …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among
patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). DM can lead to multiple cardiovascular complications …

Hypertension is a global public health issue and the leading cause of premature death in
humans. Despite more than a century of research, hypertension remains difficult to cure due …