Many plasma membrane (PM) functions depend on the cholesterol concentration in the PM
in strikingly nonlinear, cooperative ways: fully functional in the presence of physiological …

Early cell membrane models placed most proteins external to lipid bilayers in trimolecular
structures or as modular lipoprotein units. These thermodynamically untenable structures …

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccine was among the first FDA-approved cancer immunotherapies, but
has been limited by the modest cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and therapeutic …

The neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an extracellular signaling molecule in
the brain and in pancreatic islets. Here, we demonstrate that GABA regulates cytokine …

Proteins are essential and abundant components of cellular membranes. Being densely
packed within the limited surface area, proteins fulfil essential tasks for life, which include …

Abstract The Fluid–Mosaic Membrane (FMM) model was originally proposed as a general,
nanometer-scale representation of cell membranes (Singer and Nicolson, 1972). The FMM …

Integrins are the core constituents of cell–matrix adhesion complexes such as focal
adhesions (FAs) and play key roles in physiology and disease. Integrins fluctuate between …

The Fluid–Mosaic Model has been the accepted general or basic model for biomembrane
structure and organization for the last 50 years. In order to establish a basic model for …

Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) generates data in the form of coordinates
of localized fluorophores. Cluster analysis is an attractive route for extracting biologically …

The language of biology at the scale of the cell is constituted of alphabets represented by
biomolecules. These are stitched together in a variety of ways to create meaning. We argue …