Nearly all genetic variants that influence disease risk have human-specific origins; however,
the systems they influence have ancient roots that often trace back to evolutionary events …

BACKGROUND Host immune responses are classically divided into innate immune
responses, which react rapidly and nonspecifically upon encountering a pathogen, and …

The extracellular forms of the IL‐1 cytokines are active through binding to specific receptors
on the surface of target cells. IL‐1 ligands bind to the extracellular portion of their ligand …

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which is initiated by
the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous …

Lampreys are representatives of an ancient vertebrate lineage that diverged from our own∼
500 million years ago. By virtue of this deeply shared ancestry, the sea lamprey (P. marinus) …

Over the last decades, there was increasing evidence for the presence of innate immune
memory in living organisms. In this review, we compare the innate immune memory of …

Despite the enormous ecological and economic importance of coral reefs, the keystone
organisms in their establishment, the scleractinian corals, increasingly face a range of …

Parasites and infectious diseases are everywhere and represent some of the most potent
forces shaping the natural world. They affect almost every aspect imaginable in the life of …

Biomphalaria snails are instrumental in transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma
mansoni. With the World Health Organization's goal to eliminate schistosomiasis as a global …

The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that mediates the activation of caspase-1,
which promotes secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 …