Dopamine-releasing neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have central roles in
reward-related and goal-directed behaviours. VTA dopamine-releasing neurons are …

The nucleus accumbens is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and integrates
information from cortical and limbic structures to mediate goal-directed behaviors. Chronic …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for regulating reward consumption, learning,
memory, and addiction behaviors through mediating dopamine (DA) release in downstream …

Neurons in the mammalian brain are not limited to releasing a single neurotransmitter but
often release multiple neurotransmitters onto postsynaptic cells. Here, we review recent …

Optogenetic tools have provided a new way to establish causal relationships between brain
activity and behaviour in health and disease. Although no animal model captures human …

Using a consistent Skinnerian perspective, Behavior Analysis and Learning: A
Biobehavioral Approach, Sixth Edition provides an advanced introduction to the principles of …

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are essential for controlling key functions of the brain,
such as voluntary movement, reward processing, and working memory. The largest …

Like ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons, VTA glutamate neuron activity
can support positive reinforcement. However, a subset of VTA neurons co-release DA and …

In addition to dopamine neurons, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) contains GABA-,
glutamate-and co-releasing neurons, and recent reports suggest a complex role for the …

Midbrain dopamine systems play important roles in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia,
addiction, and depression. The participation of midbrain dopamine systems in diverse …