Highlights•AD disproportionally affects women in the development, progression and clinical
presentation of AD.•Our review summarized sex differences in biological change of AD from …

Research into Alzheimer's Disease (AD) describes a link between AD and the resident
immune cells of the brain, the microglia. Further, this suspected link is thought to have …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by conversion of soluble α-synuclein (αS) into
intraneuronal aggregates and degeneration of neurons and neuronal processes. Indications …

Major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) CNS cellular localization and function is still
being determined after previously being thought to be absent from the brain. MHC-I …

Biological sex contributes to phenotypic sex effects through genetic (sex chromosomal) and
hormonal (gonadal) mechanisms. There are profound sex differences in the prevalence and …

Many stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders display pronounced sex differences in their
frequency and clinical symptoms. Glucocorticoids are primary stress hormones that have …

Background Microglia, the brain's principal immune cells, have been implicated in the
pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a condition shown to affect more females than …

Abstract The Four Core Genotypes (FCG) is a mouse model system heavily used to
disentangle the function of sex chromosomes and hormones. We report that a copy of a 3.2 …

Early-life conditions such as prenatal nutrition can have long-term effects on metabolic
health, and these effects may differ between males and females. Understanding the …

Age-related decline in physical and cognitive functions are facts of life that do not affect
everyone to the same extent. We had reported earlier that such cognitive decline is both sex …