High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nonhistone nuclear protein that has multiple
functions according to its subcellular location. In the nucleus, HMGB1 is a DNA chaperone …

The innate immune system detects pathogens via germline-encoded receptors that bind to
conserved pathogen ligands called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here …

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent worldwide causes of morbidity and
mortality due to an infectious agent. This pathogen can cause a wide variety of diseases …

The lung is a primary organ for gas exchange in mammals that represents the largest
epithelial surface in direct contact with the external environment. It also serves as a crucial …

Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of cell death triggered by certain inflammasomes, leading
to the cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD) and activation of inactive cytokines like IL-18 and …

Pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis are the most genetically well-defined programmed
cell death (PCD) pathways, and they are intricately involved in both homeostasis and …

Staphylococcus aureus is a member of the human commensal microflora that exists,
apparently benignly, at multiple sites on the host. However, as an opportunist pathogen it …

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) are proteins capable of recognizing molecules
frequently found in pathogens (the so-called Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns …

Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable pathogen capable of causing infections in different
sites of the body in a variety of vertebrate animals, including humans and livestock. A major …

Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are virulence factors produced by many pathogenic bacteria and
have long fascinated structural biologists, microbiologists and immunologists. Interestingly …