Approximately two decades after the first pioneering analyses, the study of shape asymmetry
with the methods of geometric morphometrics has matured and is a burgeoning field. New …

Fluctuating Asymmetry: Measurement, Analysis, Patterns Page 1 Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1986.
17:391-421 Copyright ? 1986 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved FLUCTUATING …

The first edition of Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists has been the primary resource for
teaching modern geometric methods of shape analysis to biologists who have a stronger …

Morphometric studies often consider parts with internal left‐right symmetry, for instance, the
vertebrate skull. This type of symmetry is called object symmetry and is distinguished from …

Each year ecotoxicological problems become increasingly complex and encompass
broader spatial and temporal scales. Our practical understanding must evolve accordingly to …

Although fluctuating asymmetry has become popular as a measure of developmental
instability, few studies have examined its developmental basis. We propose an approach to …

Why does nature love symmetry? In Asymmetry, Developmental Stability and Evolution, M--
oslash--; ller and Swaddle analyse the evolutionary implications of symmetry. They advance …

The evolution of intrinsic growth rate has received less attention than other life history traits,
and has been studied differently in plants, homoiotherms, and poikilotherms. The benefits of …

Fluctuating asymmetry consists of random deviations from perfect symmetry in populations
of organisms. It is a measure of developmental noise, which reflects a population's average …

(1) Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a useful trait for monitoring stress in the laboratory and in
natural environments.(2) Both genomic and environmental changes can increase FA which …