Many personality theories link specific traits to the sensitivities of the neural systems that
control approach and avoidance. But there is no consensus on the nature of these systems …

Avoidance behavior in clinical anxiety disorders is often a decision made in response to
approach-avoidance conflict, resulting in a sacrifice of potential rewards to avoid potential …

Highlights•To differentiate fears, one must consider the contexts that give rise to them.•Fears
are ethologically defined strategic responses to ecological threats.•Reactive fear is a fast, yet …

Evolution has bound closely together motivation and personality. Much of personality
psychology today is based on the (increasingly neuro) science of fundamental systems of …

Anxiety as an adaptive response is a natural emotion that occurs in response to danger and
prepares an organism to cope with the environment, playing a critical role in its survival …

Panic disorder (PD), a complex anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks,
represents a poorly understood psychiatric condition which is associated with significant …

The emotion of anxiety represents one of the most studied topics in the neurosciences, in
part due to its relevance for understanding the evolutionary development of the human brain …

Panic disorder patients are vulnerable to recurrent panic attacks. Two neurochemical
hypotheses have been proposed to explain this susceptibility. The first assumes that panic …

Clinically effective drugs against human anxiety and fear systematically alter the innate
defensive behavior of rodents, suggesting that in humans these emotions reflect defensive …

Abstract The Predatory Imminence Continuum Theory proposes that defensive behaviors
depend on the proximity of a threat. While the neural mechanisms underlying this proposal …