The tryptophan–kynurenine (KYN) pathway has long been recognized for its essential role
in generating metabolites that influence various physiological processes. Traditionally, these …

Cells run on initiation of protein-protein interactions, which are dynamically tuned spatially
and temporally to modulate cellular events. This tuning can be physical, such as attaching …

In this paper, we investigate the generation and controlling of the optical vortex beam using
a dye-doped liquid crystal (DDLC) cell. The spatial distribution of the quasi-sinusoidal …

Molecular motors are machines essential for life since they convert chemical energy into
mechanical work. However, the precise mechanism by which nucleotide binding, catalysis …

This study explores the optical trapping of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) using a focused
laser beam. It also investigates the HEWL concentration dynamics leading to HEWL …

In most microorganisms, cell division is guided by the divisome, a multiprotein complex that
assembles at the equator of the cell and is responsible for the synthesis of new cell wall …

Trapping macromolecules is important for the study of their conformations, interactions,
dynamics, and kinetic processes. Here, we develop a new theory using a Gaussian …

BiP (immunoglobulin heavy‐chain binding protein) is a Hsp70 monomeric ATPase motor
that plays broad and crucial roles in maintaining proteostasis inside the cell. Structurally, BiP …

The Sec61 translocon allows the translocation of secretory preproteins from the cytosol to
the endoplasmic reticulum lumen during polypeptide biosynthesis. These proteins possess …

The distance to the transition state (x‡) is an important parameter for understanding the
energy landscape of chemical reactions. In protein folding, x‡ represents the distance to the …