The upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed cell death protein
1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), on immune cells occurs during acute …

The development of chronic infections and cancer is facilitated by a variety of immune
subversion mechanisms, such as the production of anti‐inflammatory cytokines, induction of …

Conclusions This study demonstrates that E. multilocularis can induce T‐cell exhaustion
through inhibitory receptor TIGIT, and that blocking this checkpoint may reverse the …

Leishmania is a genus of protozoan parasites that are transmitted by the bite of
phlebotomine sandflies and give rise to a range of diseases (collectively known as …

Unicellular eukaryotes of the genus Leishmania are collectively responsible for a
heterogeneous group of diseases known as leishmaniasis. The visceral form of …

Infections with protozoan parasites are a major cause of disease and mortality in many
tropical countries of the world. Diseases caused by species of the genera Trypanosoma …

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), commonly known as kala-azar, is caused by Leishmania
donovani and Leishmania infantum (Leishmania chagasi in the Americas). These …

Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL or kala azar) is the most serious form of human
leishmaniasis, responsible for over 20,000 deaths annually, and post kala azar dermal …

Control of Leishmania infantum infection is dependent upon Th1 CD4+ T cells to promote
macrophage intracellular clearance of parasites. Deficient CD4+ T cell effector responses …

Costimulatory and inhibitory receptors are critical regulators of adaptive immune cell
function. These pathways regulate the initiation and termination of effective immune …