We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

Ranking among the largest volcanic eruptions of the Common Era (CE), the 'Millennium
Eruption'of Changbaishan produced a widely-dispersed tephra layer (known as the B-Tm …

Early researchers of radiocarbon levels in Southern Hemisphere tree rings identified a
variable North-South hemispheric offset, necessitating construction of a separate …

The Sun provides the principal energy input into the Earth system and solar variability
represents a significant external climate forcing. Although observations of solar activity …

Volcanic eruptions contribute to climate variability, but quantifying these contributions has
been limited by inconsistencies in the timing of atmospheric volcanic aerosol loading …

Transatlantic exploration took place centuries before the crossing of Columbus. Physical
evidence for early European presence in the Americas can be found in Newfoundland …

Space weather describes the way in which the Sun, and conditions in space more generally,
impact human activity and technology both in space and on the ground. It is now well …

The origin of two large peaks in the atmospheric radiocarbon (14C) concentration at ad
774/5 and 993/4 is still debated. There is consensus, however, that these features can only …

Though tree-ring chronologies are annually resolved, their dating has never been
independently validated at the global scale. Moreover, it is unknown if atmospheric …

The mid-second millennium BCE eruption of Thera (Santorini) offers a critically important
marker horizon to synchronize archaeological chronologies of the Aegean, Egypt, and the …