Specialized subpopulations of CD4+ T cells survey major histocompatibility complex class II–
peptide complexes to control phagosomal infections, help B cells, regulate tissue …

Mucosal vaccines offer the potential to trigger robust protective immune responses at the
predominant sites of pathogen infection. In principle, the induction of adaptive immunity at …

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces robust humoral and cellular immunity in the
circulation; however, it is currently unknown whether it elicits effective immune responses in …

Currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines are all designed for intramuscular (IM) immunization.
However, vaccination today failed to prevent the virus infection through the upper respiratory …

The lungs are constantly exposed to inhaled debris, allergens, pollutants, commensal or
pathogenic microorganisms, and respiratory viruses. As a result, innate and adaptive …

Background Due to waning immunity and protection against infection with SARS-CoV-2, a
third dose of a homologous or heterologous COVID-19 vaccine has been proposed by …

Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia survivors often exhibit long-term
pulmonary sequelae, but the underlying mechanisms or associated local and systemic …

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are ectopic lymphoid tissues that drive antigen-specific
immune responses at sites of chronic inflammation. Unlike secondary lymphoid organs such …

Owing to their capacity to rapidly spread across the population, airborne pathogens
represent a significant risk to global health. Indeed, several of the past major global …

Infants and young children are more susceptible to common respiratory pathogens than
adults but can fare better against novel pathogens like severe acute respiratory syndrome …