State-of-the-art tissue-clearing methods provide subcellular-level optical access to intact
tissues from individual organs and even to some entire mammals. When combined with light …

All animals evaluate the salience of external stimuli and integrate them with internal
physiological information into adaptive behavior. Natural and sexual selection impinge on …

A new theory about the origins of consciousness that finds learning to be the driving force in
the evolutionary transition to basic consciousness. What marked the evolutionary transition …

We identified the neurons comprising the Drosophila mushroom body (MB), an associative
center in invertebrate brains, and provide a comprehensive map describing their potential …

Understanding cell type identity in a multicellular organism requires the integration of gene
expression profiles from individual cells with their spatial location in a particular tissue …

Live imaging of large biological specimens is fundamentally limited by the short optical
penetration depth of light microscopes. To maximize physical coverage, we developed the …

Human brain size nearly quadrupled in the six million years since Homo last shared a
common ancestor with chimpanzees, but human brains are thought to have decreased in …

The puzzle of how complex nervous systems emerged remains unsolved. Comparative
studies of neurodevelopment in cnidarians and bilaterians suggest that this process began …

Peptide hormones and their receptors are widespread in metazoans, but the knowledge we
have of their evolutionary relationships remains unclear. Recently, accumulating genome …

The arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia derive from embryonic basal
forebrain lineages that are specified by an evolutionarily conserved genetic program leading …