This paper reviews and compares patent pools, intellectual property (IP) clearinghouses,
and copyright collectives as systems for promoting efficient access to licensable IP in a …

Fighting disease, combating hunger, preserving the balance of life on Earth: the future of
biotechnological innovation may well be the future of our planet itself. And yet the vexed …

How do potentially optimistic entrepreneurs attract prospective investors? We investigate an
entrepreneur's decision to pursue either disclosure—where investors inspect the invention …

This paper reviews the current situation in the field of pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics
(PGx) in Europe. High expectations surrounding the clinical application of PGx remain …

Consumers constantly confront intellectual property rights (IPRs) every day, from their
morning cup of Starbucks coffee to the Intel chip on their computer at work. Intellectual …

Patent thickets may hinder technology innovation by preventing manufacturers from access
to given technology fields. How to prove the existence of patent thickets or how to hack …

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The biopharmaceutical industry is slowly absorbing the idea of collaborative patent licensing
models. Recently, two patent pools for developing countries have been launched: the Pool …

Introduction The rise of patents on human genes during 1990s The historical purpose of the
patent institution is to promote research and innovation and to allow the return of new …

In this paper we examine whether and to what extent material transfer agreements influence
research agenda setting in biotechnology. Research agendas are mapped through patents …