A historical perspective on estradiol's enhancement of cognitive function is presented, and
research, primarily in animals, but also in humans, is reviewed. Data regarding the …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

In essentially every domain of neuroscience, the generally implicit assumption that few, if
any, meaningful differences exist between male and female brain function is being …

Rats and mice are attracted by novel objects. They readily approach novel objects and
explore them with their vibrissae, nose and forepaws. It is assumed that such a single …

Adolescence is a critical period for brain maturation. Deciphering how disturbances to the
central nervous system at this time affect structure, function and behavioural outputs is …

Ample evidence has demonstrated that sex steroid hormones, such as the potent estrogen
17β-estradiol (E2), affect hippocampal morphology, plasticity, and memory in male and …

Sex differences in neurological disease extend from incidence, severity, progression and
symptoms and may ultimately influence treatment. Cognitive disturbances are frequent in …

There is ample empirical evidence to support the notion that the biological impacts of
estrogen extend beyond the gonads to other bodily systems, including the brain and …

Abstract The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has required the inclusion of women in
clinical studies since 1993, which has enhanced our understanding of how biological sex …

Several lines of evidence have converged to indicate that memory formation involves
plasticity of dendritic spines in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus …