Any pathologic event in the brain leads to the activation of microglia, the immunocompetent
cells of the central nervous system. In recent decades diverse molecular pathways have …

Diagnostic criteria for mood disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) largely
ignore biological factors in favor of behavioral symptoms. Compounding this paucity of …

Microglia were recently shown to play unexpected roles in normal brain development and
adult physiology. This has begun to dramatically change our view of these resident …

The occurrence of cognitive disturbances upon CNS inflammation or infection has been
correlated with increased levels of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). To date …

Fine control of neuronal activity is crucial to rapidly adjust to subtle changes of the
environment. This fine tuning was thought to be purely neuronal until the discovery that …

Astrocytes are housekeepers of the central nervous system (CNS) and are important for
CNS development, homeostasis and defence. They communicate with neurones and other …

Astrocytes communicate with synapses by means of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+] i)
elevations, but local calcium dynamics in astrocytic processes have never been thoroughly …

This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, ie, ATP released from nerves as a
transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre-and …

In the past 20 years, an extra layer of information processing, in addition to that provided by
neurons, has been proposed for the CNS. Neuronally evoked increases of the intracellular …

A major controversy persists within the field of glial biology concerning whether or not, under
physiological conditions, neuronal activity leads to Ca2+-dependent release of …