Immunotherapy has been emerging as a powerful strategy for cancer management.
Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that bacteria-based immunotherapy …

ABSTRACT Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome, tuberculosis, and malaria are responsible for most human deaths produced by …

The immune escape mutations of SARS-CoV-2 variants emerged frequently, posing a new
challenge to weaken the protective efficacy of current vaccines. Thus, the development of …

At present, concerns that the recent global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants could
compromise the current vaccines have been raised, highlighting the urgent demand for new …

Background Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleotropic inflammatory
cytokine that is overexpressed in a number of cancer types including most types of human …

Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem. Conventional tests are inadequate to
distinguish between active tuberculosis (ATB) and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). We …

Recently, we introduced a temperature sensitive Mycobacterium spp., Mycobacterium
paragordonae (Mpg). Here, we checked its potential as a candidate for live vaccination …

Even though the rate of new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections is
gradually decreasing worldwide, an effective preventive vaccine for HIV-1 is still urgently …

Understanding how Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved into a professional pathogen
is helpful in studying its pathogenesis and for designing vaccines. We investigated how the …

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major global health burden and kills over a million
people annually. New immunization strategies are required for the development of an …