Captivity places various constraints on the lives of reptiles, and despite the best efforts by
caretakers, captive environments will never offer the same degree of complexity or range of …

Simple Summary Snakes are sentient animals and should be subject to the accepted
general welfare principles of other species. However, they are also the only vertebrates …

Simple Summary The visitor effect describes how zoo animals respond to the presence of
visitors to their enclosures in a positive, negative or neutral manner. The period of enforced …

Simple Summary Reptiles are commonly housed in human care in zoo and wildlife parks,
and as pets. In comparison to many other taxa, especially mammals, there is less known …

Simple Summary Reptile welfare in captivity is vastly understudied given the diverse taxa
and the large number of individuals held in zoos and aquariums. The varied natural …

Simple Summary Positive reinforcement training, a form of operant conditioning that rewards
learners for specific behaviors to increase the frequency of that behavior, is widely used as a …

Environmental enrichment has been found to significantly influence the cognitive abilities of
a variety of mammalian and avian species, with effects ranging from positive to negative …

There is much evidence in mammals and birds demonstrating the importance of providing
sufficient space to allow captive animals to exhibit natural behaviours, however, little such …

The study of animal personality is a growing field that has applications for welfare of animals
living in captive settings. We measured personality traits (activity, exploration, and …

This study aims to review the current available literature regarding circus animals from the
perspective of the five domains proposed for evaluating animal welfare to identify the critical …