The field of photopharmacology uses molecular photoswitches to establish control over the
action of bioactive molecules. It aims to reduce systemic drug toxicity and the emergence of …

Electronic devices are evolving from rigid devices into flexible and stretchable structures,
enabling a seamless integration of electronics into our everyday lives. The integration of a …

Brain function depends on simultaneous electrical, chemical and mechanical signaling at
the cellular level. This multiplicity has confounded efforts to simultaneously measure or …

Understanding brain circuits begins with an appreciation of their component parts—the cells.
Although GABAergic interneurons are a minority population within the brain, they are crucial …

Optogenetic interrogation of neural pathways relies on delivery of light-sensitive opsins into
tissue and subsequent optical illumination and electrical recording from the regions of …

Calcium ions generate versatile intracellular signals that control key functions in all types of
neurons. Imaging calcium in neurons is particularly important because calcium signals exert …

Although a wealth of data have elucidated the structure and physiology of neuronal circuits,
we still only have a very limited understanding of how behavioral learning is implemented at …

Cell type–specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise
manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse …

Learning is mediated by experience-dependent plasticity in neuronal circuits. Activity in
neuronal circuits is tightly regulated by different subtypes of inhibitory interneurons, yet their …

Rapid and reversible manipulations of neural activity in behaving animals are transforming
our understanding of brain function. An important assumption underlying much of this work …