The deep sea is the largest habitat on earth. Its three great faunal environments–the twilight
mesopelagic zone, the dark bathypelagic zone and the vast flat expanses of the benthic …

Diel vertical migration (DVM) is a characteristic behavioural pattern performed by
zooplankton in which their vertical distribution changes over the 24-h day. Here the …

A comprehensive treatment of visual ecology Visual ecology is the study of how animals use
visual systems to meet their ecological needs, how these systems have evolved, and how …

Ultraviolet‐A radiation (320–400 nm) is scattered rapidly in water. Despite this fact, UV is
present in biologically useful amounts to at least 100 m deep in clear aquatic environments …

A very large proportion of the world's animal species are active in dim light, either under the
cover of night or in the depths of the sea. The worlds they see can be dim and extended, with …

Whatever theory may be advanced to explain diurnal migration, the underlying reactions
involved must be demonstrated conc-sively in the laboratory before the explanation can be …

The visual biology of Hawaiian reef fishes was explored by examining their eyes for spectral
sensitivity of their visual pigments and for transmission of light through the ocular media to …

Many coral reef fish are beautifully coloured and the reflectance spectra of their colour
patterns may include UVa wavelengths (315–400 nm) that are largely invisible to the human …

Many zooplankton and fishes vertically migrate on a diel cycle to avoid predation, moving
from their daytime residence in darker, deep waters to prey-rich surface waters to feed at …

Deep-sea fish, defined as those living below 200 m, inhabit a most unusual photic
environment, being exposed to two sources of visible radiation; very dim downwelling …