Interest in emergence amongst philosophers and scientists has grown in recent years, yet
the concept continues to be viewed with skepticism by many. In this book, Paul Humphreys …

In most traditional machine learning algorithms, the training and testing datasets have
identical distributions and feature spaces. However, these assumptions have not held in …

Biological organisms must perform computation as they grow, reproduce and evolve.
Moreover, ever since Landauer's bound was proposed, it has been known that all …

Turing machines (TMs) are the canonical model of computation in computer science and
physics. We combine techniques from algorithmic information theory and stochastic …

The reversibility protocol of the logic gate is not supported by conventional logic gates.
These gates disperse energy into the environment in the form of heat energy on account of …

Secret image sharing is a mechanism to protect a secret image among a group of
participants by encrypting the secret into shares and decrypting the secret with sufficient …

Emergent computation is proposed in the study of self-organisation, collective and
cooperative behaviour and it has become an important approach to complex system …

In real life we are often confronted with dynamic optimization problems whose optima
change over time. These problems challenge traditional optimization methods as well as …

Superconducting quantum electronics is formally born in 1911, three years after Heike
Kamerlingh Onnes was able to liquefy helium at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands …

The conventional logic circuits dissipate energy into the environment due to the loss of
information; hence these are termed irreversible logic circuits. The reversible logic (RL) …