Anthrax is caused by the spore-forming, gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The
bacterium's major virulence factors are (a) the anthrax toxins and (b) an antiphagocytic …

Anthrax toxin consists of three nontoxic proteins that self-assemble at the surface of receptor-
bearing mammalian cells or in solution, yielding a series of toxic complexes. Two of the …

▪ Abstract Anthrax toxin consists of three nontoxic proteins that associate in binary or ternary
combinations to form toxic complexes at the surface of mammalian cells. One of these …

Certain pathogenic species of Bacillus and Clostridium have developed unique methods for
intoxicating cells that employ the classic enzymatic “AB” paradigm for protein toxins. The …

The assembly of bacterial toxins and virulence factors is critical to their function, but the
regulation of assembly during infection has not been studied. We begin to address this …

Anthrax lethal toxin is a multi-functional virulence factor that has evolved to target multiple
host functions to allow for optimal establishment of Bacillus anthracis infection. The toxin …

Assembly of anthrax toxin complexes at the mammalian cell surface involves competitive
binding of the edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF) to heptameric oligomers and lower …

The past five years have led to a tremendous increase in our molecular understanding of the
mode of action of the anthrax toxin, one of the two main virulence factors produced by …

Infectious microbes face an unwelcoming environment in their mammalian hosts, which
have evolved elaborate multicelluar systems for recognition and elimination of invading …

Anthrax is a severe bacterial infection that occurs when Bacillus anthracis spores gain
access into the body and germinate in macrophages, causing septicemia and toxemia …