Aerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40
years in observing, understanding, and modeling these processes helped quantify the …

Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, the
acidity of condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs the …

This article introduces the second generation CMCC Earth System Model (CMCC‐ESM2)
that extends a number of marine and terrestrial biogeochemical processes with respect to its …

Abstract The new Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0 (MRI-
ESM2. 0) has been developed based on previous models, MRI-CGCM3 and MRI-ESM1 …

Abstract The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 (WACCM6) is a major
update of the whole atmosphere modeling capability in the Community Earth System Model …

This work documents the first version of the US Department of Energy (DOE) new Energy
Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1). We focus on the standard resolution of the fully …

Anthropogenic emissions and land use changes have modified atmospheric aerosol
concentrations and size distributions over time. Understanding preindustrial conditions and …

Abstract Euro‐Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change coupled climate model (CMCC‐
CM2) represents the new family of the global coupled climate models developed and used …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

Atmospheric aerosols are complex mixtures of different chemical species, and individual
particles exist in many different shapes and morphologies. Together, these characteristics …