Misuse and overuse of antibiotics have contributed in the last decades to a phenomenon
known as antibiotic resistance which is currently considered one of the principal threats to …

Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease and is transmitted to vertebrate
hosts by Ixodes spp. ticks. The spirochaete relies heavily on its arthropod host for basic …

The identification of the Drosophila melanogaster Toll pathway cascade and the subsequent
characterization of TLRs have reshaped our understanding of the immune system. Ever …

The innate immune system is a universal and ancient form of host defense against infection.
Innate immune recognition relies on a limited number of germline-encoded receptors. These …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are host-encoded antibiotics that combat invading
microorganisms. These short, cationic peptides have been implicated in many biological …

The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of
microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of …

Toll-like receptors have a crucial role in the detection of microbial infection in mammals and
insects. In mammals, these receptors have evolved to recognize conserved products unique …

To combat infection, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster relies on multiple innate defense
reactions, many of which are shared with higher organisms. These reactions include the use …

Drosophila mounts a potent host defence when challenged by various microorganisms.
Analysis of this defence by molecular genetics has now provided a global picture of the …

The p53 tumour suppressor is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low levels in normal
cells by Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis,,. Stabilization of p53 is …