Additive manufacturing has attracted keen interest in the medical field in recent decades,
especially for bone regeneration. Many additive manufacturing processes have been used …

Abstract β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is one the most used and potent synthetic bone
graft substitute. It is not only osteoconductive, but also osteoinductive. These properties …

Natural bone is a mineralized biological material, which serves a supportive and protective
framework for the body, stores minerals for metabolism, and produces blood cells nourishing …

Physical cues like morphology, light, electric signal, mechanic signal, magnetic signal, and
heat can be used as alternative regulators for expensive but short‐acting growth factors in …

Synthetic calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics represent the most widely used biomaterials
for bone regenerative treatments due to their biological performance that is characterized by …

Trauma and bone loss from infections, tumors, and congenital diseases make bone repair
and regeneration the greatest challenges in orthopedic, craniofacial, and plastic surgeries …

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been considered for decades an ideal biomaterial for bone repair
due to its compositional and crystallographic similarity to bioapatites in hard tissues …

Over the past few decades, the field of biomaterials concerning bone tissue engineering has
gained a significant amount of interest. This has led to new biomaterials to be used as bone …

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was widely applied into fabricating of orthopaedic implants,
benefitting its excellent biocompatibility and similar mechanical properties to native bones …

Recently nanotechnology has evolved as one of the most revolutionary technologies in the
world. It has now become a multi-trillion-dollar business that covers the production of …