The COVID-19 pandemic has upended health and living standards around the world. This
article provides an interim overview of these effects, with a particular focus on low-and …

We review economic arguments for using public policy to accelerate vaccine supply during a
pandemic. Rapidly vaccinating a large share of the global population helps avoid economic …

Each month, COVID-19 kills hundreds of thousands of people, reduces global gross
domestic product (GDP) by hundreds of billions of dollars, and generates large …

Background Although clinical trials showed that vaccines have high efficacy and safety,
differences in study designs and populations do not allow for comparison between vaccines …

Vaccines are changing the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, but in grossly uneven ways.
Low-and middleincome countries (LMICs) face considerable obstacles in both receiving and …

This paper studies the global R&D effort to fight the deadliest diseases. We find:(1) the
elasticity of R&D effort with respect to market size is about 1/2 in the cross-section of …

Due to the enormous economic, health, and social costs of the COVID-19 pandemic, there
are high expected social returns to investing in parallel in multiple approaches to …

In the first two months of 2021, the production of COVID-19 vaccines has suffered setbacks
delaying the implementation of national inoculation strategies. These delays have revealed …

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the US government used novel policies to accelerate
research, development, and production of a diversified portfolio of new vaccines. This article …

The losses from the global Covid-19 pandemic have been staggering—trillions in economic
costs, on top of significant losses of life, health, and well-being. The world made significant …