The ATP–adenosine pathway functions as a key modulator of innate and adaptive immunity
within the tumour microenvironment. Consequently, multiple clinical strategies are being …

Despite the success of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), anti-PD1 ligand 1
(PDL1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) therapies in advanced cancer, a …

T cells play a critical role in cancer control, but a range of potent immunosuppressive
mechanisms can be upregulated in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to abrogate their …

Pro-fibrotic microenvironments of scars and tumors characterized by increased stiffness
stimulate mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to express α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). We …

Human skin dermis is composed of the superficial papillary dermis and the reticular dermis
in the lower layers, which can easily be distinguished histologically. In vitro analyses of …

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) encompass a wide range of seemingly
unrelated conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory …

Abstract Th17-polarized CD4+ effector T-cells together with their immunosuppressive
regulatory T-cell (Treg) counterparts, with transcriptional profiles governed by the lineage …

With the coming of age of cancer immunotherapy, the search for new therapeutic targets has
led to the identification of immunosuppressive adenosine as an important regulator of …

Radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis are dose-limiting side effects of thoracic
irradiation. Thoracic irradiation triggers acute and chronic environmental lung changes that …

Tolerance established by host-commensal interactions regulates host immunity at both local
mucosal and systemic levels. The intestinal commensal strain Bacteroides fragilis elicits …