Exosomes are secreted cellular vesicles that can induce specific CD4+ T cell responses in
vivo when they interact with competent antigen-presenting cells like mature dendritic cells …

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the most threatening viral agents. This
virus infects approximately 33 million people, many of whom are unaware of their status …

A typical HIV infection response consists of three stages: an initial acute infection, a long
asymptomatic period and a final increase in viral load with simultaneous collapse in healthy …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immunoinflammatory illness of the gut initiated by an
immune response to bacteria in the microflora. The resulting immunopathogenesis leads to …

There is growing evidence that highlights the role of the immune response during acute
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in the control or development of …

Tuberculosis is a worldwide health problem with 2 billion people infected with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb, the bacteria causing TB). The hallmark of infection is the …

HIV infection is multi-faceted and a multi-step process. The virus-induced pathogenic
mechanisms are manifold and mediated through a range of positive and negative feedback …

Since the 1990s we have known of the fascinating ability of a complex set of professional
antigen presenting cells (APCs; dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and B …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a fast replicating ribonucleic acid virus, which can
easily mutate in order to escape the effects of drug administration. Hence, understanding the …

Although combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) potently suppresses the virus, a sterile
or functional cure still remains one of the greatest therapeutic challenges worldwide …