Abstinence from chronic use of addictive drugs triggers an aversive withdrawal syndrome
that compels relapse and deters abstinence. Many features of this syndrome are common …

Chronic pain patients often develop mental disorders, and anxiety disorders are common.
We hypothesize that the comorbid anxiety results from an imbalance between the reward …

Background Ketamine's potent and rapid antidepressant properties have shown great
promise to treat severe forms of major depressive disorder (MDD). A recently hypothesized …

Structural and functional analyses of the human claustrum, a poorly understood
telencephalic gray matter structure, are hampered by its sheet-like anatomical arrangement …

The habenula (Hb) is an evolutionary well-conserved structure located in the epithalamus.
The Hb receives inputs from the septum, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate …

The habenula has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pain and analgesia, while
evidence concerning its function in chronic low back pain (cLBP) is sparse. This study aims …

The cytology and connections of the lateral habenula (LHb) are reviewed. The habenula is
first introduced, after which the cytology of the LHb is discussed mainly with reference to cell …

The habenula is a small midbrain structure that is important for brain signaling and learning
from negative events. Thus, the habenula is strongly connected to both the reward system …

The evolutionarily conserved lateral habenula (LHb) enables dynamic responses to
continually changing contexts and environmental conditions. A model is proposed to …

The habenula (Hb) has been hypothesized to play an essential role in major depressive
disorder (MDD) as it is considered to be an important node between fronto-limbic areas and …