Preterm birth is an increasing worldwide problem. Prematurity is the second most common
cause of death in children under 5 years of age. It is associated with a higher risk of several …

Health outcomes in developed countries differ substantially for mothers and infants who
formula feed compared with those who breastfeed. For infants, not being breastfed is …

Critical advancement is needed in the study of human milk as a biological system that
intersects and interacts with myriad internal (maternal biology) and external (diet …

Milk is a fluid secreted by the female of all mammalian species, of which there are more than
4,000, for the primary function of meeting the complete nutritional requirements of the …

The consequences of early-life nutritional programming in man and other mammalian
species have been studied chiefly at the metabolic level. Very few studies, if any, have been …

Data accumulated over recent years have significantly advanced our understanding of
growth factors, cytokines, and hormones in breast milk. Here we deal with leptin …

Decades of epidemiological research have established that breastfeeding is associated with
a modest reduction in risk of later overweight and obesity. However, no systematic effort has …

Background: Data regarding the association between breast milk composition and infant
feeding patterns (frequency and amount of breast milk taken) would help in understanding …

Objective This narrative review examines six important non‐nutritive substances in breast
milk, many of which were thought to have little to no biological significance. The overall …

Obesity is the most common metabolic disease whose prevalence is increasing worldwide.
This condition is considered a serious public health problem due to associated …